ES individual report

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ES 2025-2026: Individual Focus Report (7CFU) Topic 17 - Steam Power Plant heat power rejection Fabio Santoro - xxxxxxxx December 22, 2025 Steam Power Plant heat power rejection Introduction 100 fuel input1022FW pump40Net Power output3 auxiliaries2 thermal losses45 heat rejectedby condenser10 flue gases at stack sTTcond412Qcond Steam power plant Energy Flow Sankey Diagram ηboiler ≈90% ηnet ≈40% approximately 45% of fuel power is rejected by the plant through thecondenser ES: IFR2 Steam Power Plant heat power rejection Introduction and classification Refrigerant liquid (water) gas (air) open loop closed loop air cooler river, lake & sea wet cooling tower dry cooling tower STcondenserFW pump 3412~RefoutRefinQcond Focus on: •Open loop water •Wet cooling tower •Air cooler ES: IFR3 Steam Power Plant heat power rejection Introduction - Generic temperature profiles T Q 1SL(1sc)Refin RefoutAcond=∞4ΔTcsΔTrefΔThsTambTcond Qcond ∆Tcs ≃20−25 ◦C ∆Tcs = ∆Tref + ∆Ths How to choose ∆T ref ? ˙mref = ˙Qcond cp,ref ·∆T ref ⇒˙mref ∝ 1 ∆Tref Acond = ˙Qcond U·LMTD LMTD≜ ∆Tcs −∆T hs ln  ∆Tcs ∆Ths  if ∆T hs →0⇒A cond → ∞ ES: IFR4 Steam Power Plant heat power rejection Introduction - CAPEX vs OPEX cost ΔTcsΔTrefOPEXCAPEXΔTref,optoptCAPEX+OPEX ˙mref ⇔OPEX: operative costs Acond ⇔CAPEX: investments costs Optimum ∆T ref,opt that minimize costs Analysis for the three systems : •Brief description •Temperature profiles •Operational issues •Constraints •Economic considerations •Layout Considerations ES: IFR5