Appunti sullesame del 22012019

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1a) Claude Bernard, end of 19th century, « conditions of free and independent life » Name of concept: ………………………… French name of the ambient: ………………………… Elementary living units that need this condition: ………………………… Examples of main physiological variables involved (?):………………………… 1b) “Control” à set-point and feedbacks concepts • Define intrinsic set-point, can use a drawing ………………………… • In the above case, is it intrinsic, why? ………………………… 1c) “Control” at different levels/scales and interactions between different organs/systems …………………………………………………… control • Give a “whole-body” example that needs a local control ………………………… 2a) CO and VR curves in normal conditions, working point (labels, scales and units of axis) ………………………… 2b) CO/VR curves à solid: normal/N, dashed: early exercise/E*, dotted: long exercise/E ………………………… What are the changes for E*? ………………………… What are the changes for E? ………………………… 2c) Draw the PV loops for normal and long exercise conditions ………………………… What are the changes for E (indication: volume)? 2d) What PV feature represents the work value? Drawing: ………………………… Does it increase? How? ………………………… For the power (work/time = cycle work*heart rate) Does it increase? ………………………… 3a) Scheme of the chemoreflex ………………………… TF (no demo): Lung compartment: ………………………… Peripheral feedback: ………………………… Central feedback: ………………………… 3b) Pathological condition leading to instability • Type of breathing: ………………………… • Clinical name: ………………………… • Time course of lung volume (proper scale): ………………………… • Nyquist plot ………………………… 3c) Heart failure with low cardiac output Q can be one the causes leading to 3b case. Give the 3 parameters that are linked to Q with their relationships 1) ………………………… 2) ………………………… 3) ………………………… 3d) What are the changes in the Nyquist plot induced by…